什么是JDBC
JDBC(Java Database Connectivity),即Java數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)連接,是一種用于執(zhí)行SQL語(yǔ)句的Java API,可以為多種關(guān)系數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)提供同一訪問(wèn),它由一組用Java語(yǔ)言編寫(xiě)的類(lèi)和接口組成。JDBC提供了一種基準(zhǔn),根據(jù)這種基準(zhǔn)可以構(gòu)建更高級(jí)的工具和接口,使數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)開(kāi)發(fā)人員能夠編寫(xiě)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)應(yīng)用程序。總而言之,JDBC做了三件事:
1、與數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)建立連接
2、發(fā)送操作數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的語(yǔ)句
3、處理結(jié)果

JDBC簡(jiǎn)單示例
下面的代碼演示了如何利用JDBC從數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中查詢(xún)?nèi)舾蓷l符合要求的數(shù)據(jù)出來(lái),使用的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)是MySql。
1、建立一個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)和一張表,我的習(xí)慣是在CLASSPATH底下建立一個(gè).sql的文件用于存放sql語(yǔ)句
create database school;
use school;
create table student
(
studentId int primary key auto_increment not null,
studentName varchar(10) not null,
studentAge int,
studentPhone varchar(15)
)
insert into student values(null,‘Betty’, ‘20’, ‘00000000’);
insert into student values(null,‘Jerry’, ‘18’, ‘11111111’);
insert into student values(null,‘Betty’, ‘21’, ‘22222222’);
insert into student values(null,‘Steve’, ‘27’, ‘33333333’);
insert into student values(null,‘James’, ‘22’, ‘44444444’);
commit;
2、建立一個(gè).properties文件用于存儲(chǔ)MySql連接的幾個(gè)屬性。為什么要建立.properties而不在代碼里面寫(xiě)死,由于這個(gè)并不是Java設(shè)計(jì)模式的分類(lèi),就不細(xì)講了,只需要記?。簭脑O(shè)計(jì)的角度看,把內(nèi)容寫(xiě)在配置文件中永遠(yuǎn)好過(guò)把內(nèi)容寫(xiě)死在代碼中。
mysqlpackage=com.mysql.jdbc.Driver
mysqlurl=jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/school?useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=utf-8
mysqlname=root
mysqlpassword=root
3、根據(jù)表字段建立實(shí)體類(lèi)
public class Student
{
private int studentId;
private String studentName;
private int studentAge;
private String studentPhone;
public Student(int studentId, String studentName, int studentAge,
String studentPhone)
{
this.studentId = studentId;
this.studentName = studentName;
this.studentAge = studentAge;
this.studentPhone = studentPhone;
}
public int getStudentId()
{
return studentId;
}
public String getStudentName()
{
return studentName;
}
public int getStudentAge()
{
return studentAge;
}
public String getStudentPhone()
{
return studentPhone;
}
public String toString()
{
return “studentId = ” + studentId + “, studentName = ” + studentName + “, studentAge = ” +
studentAge + “, studentPhone = ” + studentPhone;
}
}

4、寫(xiě)一個(gè)DBConnection類(lèi)專(zhuān)門(mén)用于向外提供數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)連接。我這里用了MySql,所以只有一個(gè)mysqlConnection,如果還用到了Oracle,當(dāng)然還可以向外提供一個(gè)oracleConnection。把這些連接設(shè)為全局的可能有人會(huì)想是否會(huì)有線程安全問(wèn)題,這是一個(gè)很好的問(wèn)題。那因?yàn)槲覀冎粡腃onnection里面讀取一個(gè)PreparedStatement出來(lái),而不會(huì)去寫(xiě)它,只讀不修改,是不會(huì)引發(fā)線程安全問(wèn)題的。另外把Connection設(shè)置為static的保證了Connection在內(nèi)存中只有一份,不會(huì)占多大資源,每次使用完不調(diào)用close()方法去關(guān)閉它也沒(méi)事。
public class DBConnection
{
private static Properties properties = new Properties();
static
{
/** 要從CLASSPATH下取.properties文件,因此要加“/” */
InputStream is = DBConnection.class.getResourceAsStream(“/db.properties”);
try
{
properties.load(is);
}
catch (IOException e)
{
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
/** 這個(gè)mysqlConnection只是為了用來(lái)從里面讀一個(gè)PreparedStatement,不會(huì)往里面寫(xiě)數(shù)據(jù),因此沒(méi)有線程安全問(wèn)題,可以作為一個(gè)全局變量 */
public static Connection mysqlConnection = getConnection();
public static Connection getConnection()
{
Connection con = null;
try
{
Class.forName((String)properties.getProperty(“mysqlpackage”));
con = DriverManager.getConnection((String)properties.getProperty(“mysqlurl”),
(String)properties.getProperty(“mysqlname”),
(String)properties.getProperty(“mysqlpassword”));
}
catch (ClassNotFoundException e)
{
e.printStackTrace();
}
catch (SQLException e)
{
e.printStackTrace();
}
return con;
}
}
5、建立一個(gè)工具類(lèi),用來(lái)寫(xiě)各種方法,專(zhuān)門(mén)和數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)進(jìn)行交互。這種工具類(lèi)最好搞成單例的,這樣就不用每次去new出來(lái)了(實(shí)際上new出來(lái)也沒(méi)看出來(lái)會(huì)有什么好處),節(jié)省資源
package com.xrq.test11;
import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.PreparedStatement;
import java.sql.ResultSet;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
public class StudentManager
{
private static StudentManager instance = new StudentManager();
private StudentManager()
{
}
public static StudentManager getInstance()
{
return instance;
}
public List
{
List
Connection connection = DBConnection.mysqlConnection;
PreparedStatement ps = connection.prepareStatement(“select * from student where studentName = ?”);
ps.setString(1, studentName);
ResultSet rs = ps.executeQuery();
Student student = null;
while (rs.next())
{
student = new Student(rs.getInt(1), rs.getString(2), rs.getInt(3), rs.getString(4));
studentList.add(student);
}
ps.close();
rs.close();
return studentList;
}
}
6、寫(xiě)個(gè)main函數(shù)去調(diào)用一下
List
studentList = StudentManager.getInstance().querySomeStudents(“Betty”);
for (Student student : studentList)
System.out.println(student);

7、看一下運(yùn)行結(jié)果,和數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)里面的一樣,成功
studentId = 1, studentName = Betty, studentAge = 20, studentPhone = 00000000
studentId = 3, studentName = Betty, studentAge = 21, studentPhone = 22222222
為什么要使用占位符“?”
看一下第5點(diǎn),大家一定注意到了,寫(xiě)sql語(yǔ)句的時(shí)候用了“?”占位符,當(dāng)然有美化代碼的因素,不用占位符就要在括號(hào)里寫(xiě)“+”來(lái)拼接參數(shù),如果要拼接的參數(shù)一多,代碼肯定不好看,可讀性不強(qiáng)。但是除了這個(gè)原因,還有另外一個(gè)重要的原因,就是避免一個(gè)安全問(wèn)題。假設(shè)我們不用占位符寫(xiě)sql語(yǔ)句,那“querySomeStudents(String name) throws Exception”方法就要這么寫(xiě):
public List
{
List
Connection connection = DBConnection.mysqlConnection;
PreparedStatement ps = connection.prepareStatement(“select * from student where studentName = ‘” + studentName + “’”);
ResultSet rs = ps.executeQuery();
Student student = null;
while (rs.next())
{
student = new Student(rs.getInt(1), rs.getString(2), rs.getInt(3), rs.getString(4));
studentList.add(student);
}
ps.close();
rs.close();
return studentList;
}
上面的main函數(shù)一樣可以獲取到兩條數(shù)據(jù),但是問(wèn)題來(lái)了,如果我這么調(diào)用呢:
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception
{
List
studentList = StudentManager.getInstance().querySomeStudents(“‘ or ’1‘ = ’1”);
for (Student student : studentList)
System.out.println(student);
}
看下運(yùn)行結(jié)果:
studentId = 1, studentName = Betty, studentAge = 20, studentPhone = 00000000
studentId = 2, studentName = Jerry, studentAge = 18, studentPhone = 11111111
studentId = 3, studentName = Betty, studentAge = 21, studentPhone = 22222222
studentId = 4, studentName = Steve, studentAge = 27, studentPhone = 33333333
studentId = 5, studentName = James, studentAge = 22, studentPhone = 44444444
為什么?看下拼接之后的sql語(yǔ)句就知道了:
select * from student where studentName = ‘’ or ‘1’ = ‘1’‘1’=‘1’永遠(yuǎn)成立,所以前面的查詢(xún)條件是什么都沒(méi)用。這種問(wèn)題是有應(yīng)用場(chǎng)景的,不是隨便寫(xiě)一下。Java越來(lái)越多的用在Web上,既然是Web,那么查詢(xún)的時(shí)候有一種情況就是用戶(hù)輸入一個(gè)條件,后臺(tái)獲取到查詢(xún)條件,拼接sql語(yǔ)句查數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的用戶(hù)完全可以輸入一個(gè)“‘‘’ or ‘1’ = ‘1”,這樣就拿到了庫(kù)里面的所有數(shù)據(jù)了。

JDBC事物
談數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)必然離不開(kāi)事物,事物簡(jiǎn)單說(shuō)就是“要么一起成功,要么一起失敗”。那簡(jiǎn)單往前面的StudentManager里面寫(xiě)一個(gè)插入學(xué)生信息的方法:
public void addStudent(String studentName, int studentAge, String studentPhone) throws Exception
{
Connection connection = DBConnection.mysqlConnection;
PreparedStatement ps = connection.prepareStatement(“insert into student values(null,?,?,?)”);
ps.setString(1, studentName);
ps.setInt(2, studentAge);
ps.setString(3, studentPhone);
if (ps.executeUpdate() > 0)
System.out.println(“添加學(xué)生信息成功”);
else
System.out.println(“添加學(xué)生信息失敗”);
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception
{
StudentManager.getInstance().addStudent(“Betty”, 17, “55555555”);
}
運(yùn)行就不運(yùn)行了,反正最后結(jié)果是“添加學(xué)生信息成功”,數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)里面多了一條數(shù)據(jù)。注意一下:
1、增刪改用的是executeUpdate()方法,因?yàn)樵鰟h改認(rèn)為都是對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的更新
2、查詢(xún)用的是executeQuery()方法,看名字就知道了“Query”,查詢(xún)嘛
可能有人注意到一個(gè)問(wèn)題,就是Java代碼在insert后并沒(méi)有對(duì)事物進(jìn)行commit,數(shù)據(jù)就添加進(jìn)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)了,也能查出來(lái),這是為什么呢?因?yàn)镴DK的Connection設(shè)置了事物的自動(dòng)提交。如果在addStudent(。..)方法里面這么寫(xiě):
Connection connection = DBConnection.mysqlConnection;
connection.setAutoCommit(false);
autoCommit這個(gè)屬性原來(lái)是true,JDK自然會(huì)幫助開(kāi)發(fā)者自動(dòng)提交事物了。OK,如果要改成手動(dòng)提交事物的代碼,那么應(yīng)該這么寫(xiě)addStudent(。..)方法:
public void addStudent(String studentName, int studentAge, String studentPhone) throws Exception
{
Connection connection = DBConnection.mysqlConnection;
connection.setAutoCommit(false);
PreparedStatement ps = connection.prepareStatement(“insert into student values(null,?,?,?)”);
ps.setString(1, studentName);
ps.setInt(2, studentAge);
ps.setString(3, studentPhone);
try
{
ps.executeUpdate();
connection.commit();
}
catch (Exception e)
{
e.printStackTrace();
connection.rollback();
}
}
要記得拋異常的時(shí)候利用rollback()方法回滾掉事物。
以上就是本文的全部?jī)?nèi)容,希望本文的內(nèi)容對(duì)大家的學(xué)習(xí)或者工作能帶來(lái)一定的幫助。
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